389. Find the Difference

Description

You are given two strings s and t.

String t is generated by random shuffling string s and then add one more letter at a random position.

Return the letter that was added to t.

 

Example 1:

Input: s = "abcd", t = "abcde"
Output: "e"
Explanation: 'e' is the letter that was added.

Example 2:

Input: s = "", t = "y"
Output: "y"

 

Constraints:

  • 0 <= s.length <= 1000
  • t.length == s.length + 1
  • s and t consist of lowercase English letters.

Solutions

Solution 1: Counting

We can use a hash table or array $cnt$ to count the occurrence of each character in string $s$, then traverse string $t$. For each character, we subtract its occurrence in $cnt$. If the corresponding count is negative, it means that the occurrence of this character in $t$ is greater than in $s$, so this character is the added character.

The time complexity is $O(n)$, and the space complexity is $O(|\Sigma|)$, where $n$ is the length of the string, and $\Sigma$ represents the character set. Here the character set is all lowercase letters, so $|\Sigma|=26$.

Python Code
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class Solution:
    def findTheDifference(self, s: str, t: str) -> str:
        cnt = Counter(s)
        for c in t:
            cnt[c] -= 1
            if cnt[c] < 0:
                return c

Java Code
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class Solution {
    public char findTheDifference(String s, String t) {
        int[] cnt = new int[26];
        for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); ++i) {
            ++cnt[s.charAt(i) - 'a'];
        }
        for (int i = 0;; ++i) {
            if (--cnt[t.charAt(i) - 'a'] < 0) {
                return t.charAt(i);
            }
        }
    }
}

C++ Code
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class Solution {
public:
    char findTheDifference(string s, string t) {
        int cnt[26]{};
        for (char& c : s) {
            ++cnt[c - 'a'];
        }
        for (char& c : t) {
            if (--cnt[c - 'a'] < 0) {
                return c;
            }
        }
        return ' ';
    }
};

Go Code
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func findTheDifference(s, t string) byte {
	cnt := [26]int{}
	for _, ch := range s {
		cnt[ch-'a']++
	}
	for i := 0; ; i++ {
		ch := t[i]
		cnt[ch-'a']--
		if cnt[ch-'a'] < 0 {
			return ch
		}
	}
}

TypeScript Code
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function findTheDifference(s: string, t: string): string {
    const cnt: number[] = Array(26).fill(0);
    for (const c of s) {
        ++cnt[c.charCodeAt(0) - 'a'.charCodeAt(0)];
    }
    for (const c of t) {
        --cnt[c.charCodeAt(0) - 'a'.charCodeAt(0)];
    }
    for (let i = 0; ; ++i) {
        if (cnt[i] < 0) {
            return String.fromCharCode(i + 'a'.charCodeAt(0));
        }
    }
}

Rust Code
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impl Solution {
    pub fn find_the_difference(s: String, t: String) -> char {
        let s = s.as_bytes();
        let t = t.as_bytes();
        let n = s.len();
        let mut count = [0; 26];
        for i in 0..n {
            count[(s[i] - b'a') as usize] += 1;
            count[(t[i] - b'a') as usize] -= 1;
        }
        count[(t[n] - b'a') as usize] -= 1;
        char::from(
            b'a' +
                (
                    count
                        .iter()
                        .position(|&v| v != 0)
                        .unwrap() as u8
                )
        )
    }
}

C Code
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char findTheDifference(char* s, char* t) {
    int n = strlen(s);
    int cnt[26] = {0};
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        cnt[s[i] - 'a']++;
        cnt[t[i] - 'a']--;
    }
    cnt[t[n] - 'a']--;
    for (int i = 0;; i++) {
        if (cnt[i]) {
            return 'a' + i;
        }
    }
}

Solution 2: Summation

We can sum the ASCII values of each character in string $t$, then subtract the sum of the ASCII values of each character in string $s$. The final result is the ASCII value of the added character.

The time complexity is $O(n)$, where $n$ is the length of the string. The space complexity is $O(1)$.

Python Code
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class Solution:
    def findTheDifference(self, s: str, t: str) -> str:
        a = sum(ord(c) for c in s)
        b = sum(ord(c) for c in t)
        return chr(b - a)

Java Code
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class Solution {
    public char findTheDifference(String s, String t) {
        int ss = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < t.length(); ++i) {
            ss += t.charAt(i);
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); ++i) {
            ss -= s.charAt(i);
        }
        return (char) ss;
    }
}

C++ Code
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class Solution {
public:
    char findTheDifference(string s, string t) {
        int a = 0, b = 0;
        for (char& c : s) {
            a += c;
        }
        for (char& c : t) {
            b += c;
        }
        return b - a;
    }
};

Go Code
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func findTheDifference(s string, t string) byte {
	ss := 0
	for _, c := range s {
		ss -= int(c)
	}
	for _, c := range t {
		ss += int(c)
	}
	return byte(ss)
}

TypeScript Code
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function findTheDifference(s: string, t: string): string {
    return String.fromCharCode(
        [...t].reduce((r, v) => r + v.charCodeAt(0), 0) -
            [...s].reduce((r, v) => r + v.charCodeAt(0), 0),
    );
}

Rust Code
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impl Solution {
    pub fn find_the_difference(s: String, t: String) -> char {
        let mut ans = 0;
        for c in s.as_bytes() {
            ans ^= c;
        }
        for c in t.as_bytes() {
            ans ^= c;
        }
        char::from(ans)
    }
}

C Code
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char findTheDifference(char* s, char* t) {
    int n = strlen(s);
    char ans = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        ans ^= s[i];
        ans ^= t[i];
    }
    ans ^= t[n];
    return ans;
}