2836. Maximize Value of Function in a Ball Passing Game

Description

You are given a 0-indexed integer array receiver of length n and an integer k.

There are n players having a unique id in the range [0, n - 1] who will play a ball passing game, and receiver[i] is the id of the player who receives passes from the player with id i. Players can pass to themselves, i.e. receiver[i] may be equal to i.

You must choose one of the n players as the starting player for the game, and the ball will be passed exactly k times starting from the chosen player.

For a chosen starting player having id x, we define a function f(x) that denotes the sum of x and the ids of all players who receive the ball during the k passes, including repetitions. In other words, f(x) = x + receiver[x] + receiver[receiver[x]] + ... + receiver(k)[x].

Your task is to choose a starting player having id x that maximizes the value of f(x).

Return an integer denoting the maximum value of the function.

Note: receiver may contain duplicates.

 

Example 1:

Pass NumberSender IDReceiver IDx + Receiver IDs
   2
1213
2103
3025
4216
Input: receiver = [2,0,1], k = 4
Output: 6
Explanation: The table above shows a simulation of the game starting with the player having id x = 2. 
From the table, f(2) is equal to 6. 
It can be shown that 6 is the maximum achievable value of the function. 
Hence, the output is 6.

Example 2:

Pass NumberSender IDReceiver IDx + Receiver IDs
   4
1437
2329
32110
Input: receiver = [1,1,1,2,3], k = 3
Output: 10
Explanation: The table above shows a simulation of the game starting with the player having id x = 4. 
From the table, f(4) is equal to 10. 
It can be shown that 10 is the maximum achievable value of the function. 
Hence, the output is 10.

 

Constraints:

  • 1 <= receiver.length == n <= 105
  • 0 <= receiver[i] <= n - 1
  • 1 <= k <= 1010

Solutions

Solution 1: Dynamic Programming + Binary Lifting

The problem asks us to find the maximum sum of the player IDs who have touched the ball within $k$ passes starting from each player $i$. If we solve it by brute force, we need to traverse upwards $k$ times starting from $i$, with a time complexity of $O(k)$, which will obviously time out.

We can use dynamic programming combined with binary lifting to handle this.

We define $f[i][j]$ as the player ID that can be reached by passing the ball $2^j$ times starting from player $i$, and define $g[i][j]$ as the sum of the player IDs that can be reached by passing the ball $2^j$ times starting from player $i$ (excluding the last player).

When $j=0$, the number of passes is $1$, so $f[i][0] = receiver[i]$, and $g[i][0] = i$.

When $j > 0$, the number of passes is $2^j$, which is equivalent to passing the ball $2^{j-1}$ times starting from player $i$, and then passing the ball $2^{j-1}$ times starting from player $f[i][j-1]$, so $f[i][j] = f[f[i][j-1]][j-1]$, and $g[i][j] = g[i][j-1] + g[f[i][j-1]][j-1]$.

Next, we can enumerate each player $i$ as the starting player, then accumulate upwards according to the binary representation of $k$, and finally get the maximum sum of the player IDs who have touched the ball within $k$ passes starting from player $i$.

The time complexity is $O(n \times \log k)$, and the space complexity is $O(n \times \log k)$. Here, $n$ is the number of players.

Similar problems:

Python Code
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class Solution:
    def getMaxFunctionValue(self, receiver: List[int], k: int) -> int:
        n, m = len(receiver), k.bit_length()
        f = [[0] * m for _ in range(n)]
        g = [[0] * m for _ in range(n)]
        for i, x in enumerate(receiver):
            f[i][0] = x
            g[i][0] = i
        for j in range(1, m):
            for i in range(n):
                f[i][j] = f[f[i][j - 1]][j - 1]
                g[i][j] = g[i][j - 1] + g[f[i][j - 1]][j - 1]
        ans = 0
        for i in range(n):
            p, t = i, 0
            for j in range(m):
                if k >> j & 1:
                    t += g[p][j]
                    p = f[p][j]
            ans = max(ans, t + p)
        return ans

Java Code
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class Solution {
    public long getMaxFunctionValue(List<Integer> receiver, long k) {
        int n = receiver.size(), m = 64 - Long.numberOfLeadingZeros(k);
        int[][] f = new int[n][m];
        long[][] g = new long[n][m];
        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
            f[i][0] = receiver.get(i);
            g[i][0] = i;
        }
        for (int j = 1; j < m; ++j) {
            for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
                f[i][j] = f[f[i][j - 1]][j - 1];
                g[i][j] = g[i][j - 1] + g[f[i][j - 1]][j - 1];
            }
        }
        long ans = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
            int p = i;
            long t = 0;
            for (int j = 0; j < m; ++j) {
                if ((k >> j & 1) == 1) {
                    t += g[p][j];
                    p = f[p][j];
                }
            }
            ans = Math.max(ans, p + t);
        }
        return ans;
    }
}

C++ Code
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class Solution {
public:
    long long getMaxFunctionValue(vector<int>& receiver, long long k) {
        int n = receiver.size(), m = 64 - __builtin_clzll(k);
        int f[n][m];
        long long g[n][m];
        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
            f[i][0] = receiver[i];
            g[i][0] = i;
        }
        for (int j = 1; j < m; ++j) {
            for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
                f[i][j] = f[f[i][j - 1]][j - 1];
                g[i][j] = g[i][j - 1] + g[f[i][j - 1]][j - 1];
            }
        }
        long long ans = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
            int p = i;
            long long t = 0;
            for (int j = 0; j < m; ++j) {
                if (k >> j & 1) {
                    t += g[p][j];
                    p = f[p][j];
                }
            }
            ans = max(ans, p + t);
        }
        return ans;
    }
};

Go Code
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func getMaxFunctionValue(receiver []int, k int64) (ans int64) {
	n, m := len(receiver), bits.Len(uint(k))
	f := make([][]int, n)
	g := make([][]int64, n)
	for i := range f {
		f[i] = make([]int, m)
		g[i] = make([]int64, m)
		f[i][0] = receiver[i]
		g[i][0] = int64(i)
	}
	for j := 1; j < m; j++ {
		for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
			f[i][j] = f[f[i][j-1]][j-1]
			g[i][j] = g[i][j-1] + g[f[i][j-1]][j-1]
		}
	}
	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
		p := i
		t := int64(0)
		for j := 0; j < m; j++ {
			if k>>j&1 == 1 {
				t += g[p][j]
				p = f[p][j]
			}
		}
		ans = max(ans, t+int64(p))
	}
	return
}